Factor structure of the patient health questionnaire-9 and measurement invariance across gender and age among Chinese university students.

The Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) has been widely used to screen depression symptoms. The present research aimed to assess the reliability and validity of PHQ-9, besides measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 across gender and age among Chinese university students. A total of 12,957 Chinese college students from 2 universities in Henan and Hainan provinces (China) completed the questionnaires via WeChat. This research reported the psychometric properties of PHQ-9 and measurement invariance of the PHQ-9 across gender and age among Chinese university students. Compared with 1-factor model, the 2-factor (affective factor and somatic factor) model of PHQ-9 showed a better fit index in Chinese university students. Without the last 2 items, the 2-factor model of the PHQ-9 showed satisfactory reliability, validity, and good fit index (e.g., Root mean square error of approximation = 0.060, Goodness-of-fit index = 0.982, Comparative fit index = 0.986, and Tucker-Lewis index = 0.974). The Cronbach's alpha of PHQ-9 was 0.874. Multi-group analysis across gender and age demonstrated that measurement equivalency for the 2-factor model of the PHQ-9 was established (e.g., Root mean square error of approximation < 0.08, Comparative fit index > 0.90 and Tucker-Lewis index > 0.90). The 2-factor model of the PHQ-9 without the items of "movement" and "desire to die" showed a better fit index in Chinese university students. The measurement equivalence across gender and age for the 2-factor model of the PHQ-9 can be established among Chinese university students.

Community identity profiles and COVID-19-related community participation.

Prior studies have revealed that community identity promotes participation. However, it remains unclear whether heterogenous community identity profiles emerged and how they differed in coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)-related community participation. Thus, the current study used a person-oriented approach to address these issues. A total of 1,083 Chinese residents participated in a national online survey in mid-March 2020. A latent profile analysis found that residents belonged in one of four community identity profiles: Strong identifiers (43.7%), function-dominant identifiers (25.0%), emotion-dominant identifiers (19.8%) and weak identifiers (11.5%). The strong identifiers profile showed the most positive COVID-19-related community management attitude and the highest participation intention and participation behaviour among the four profiles. Compared with strong identifiers, other profiles displayed less positive management attitude and lower participation intention and, in turn, exhibited less participation behaviour. The findings can help community organizers and administrators design intervention programs targeting specific subgroups amid the COVID-19 pandemic. Please refer to the Supplementary Materials section to find this article's Community and Social Impact Statement.

Family functioning and mental health among secondary vocational students during the COVID-19 epidemic: A moderated mediation model.

With the global outbreak of COVID-19, people are facing great physical and mental stress, and mental health problems are becoming increasingly prominent. Some theories emphasize the role of family in people's mental health, but the association between family functioning and mental health and the mediating and moderating mechanisms underlying this relation have not been extensively researched. This study examined whether loneliness mediates the relation between family functioning and mental health and, if so, whether this mediating effect is moderated by hope. A total of 5783 Chinese secondary vocational students completed measures of family adaptability and cohesion, loneliness, mental health, and hope. The results indicated that family functioning had a significant and positive predictive effect on the mental health of the students and that this relationship was partially mediated by loneliness. Further, hope moderated the relationship between family functioning and loneliness. Specifically, the relationship between family functioning and loneliness was significant for students with both high and low levels of hope. The current study contributes to a better understanding of the influence of family functioning on mental health, especially during trying times such as the COVID-19 epidemic.

Refining the Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) in Chinese Parents.

The Parenting Stress Index-Short Form (PSI-SF) is a popular brief assessment of parenting stress. However, its latent structure and psychometric properties have not been extensively addressed, in particular in non-Western cultures. The present study is the first to examine the factor structure and psychometric properties of the PSI-SF in parents from Mainland China (683 mother-father dyads; mean age of mothers = 37.10 years, SD = 3.68; mean age of fathers = 39.81 years, SD = 4.13). Initial analyses revealed that previously proposed factor structure of the PSI-SF did not fit the data well. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses were then conducted to develop a psychometrically sound and efficient abbreviated version of the PSI-SF. In this new version of 15 items (PSI-SF-15), there are three factors (i.e., parental distress, parent-child dysfunctional interaction, and difficult child). This abbreviated scale showed strict measurement invariance across sex of parent and satisfactory internal consistency. The convergent validity of the PSI-SF-15 were supported by its expected relations with the original PSF-SF measures, the multitrait-multimethod procedure, and its expected relations with scores on parenting behavior, parental depressiveness, and children's conduct problems. In conclusion, these results suggest that the PSI-SF-15 is a valid measure of parenting stress in Chinese parents, and that it holds promise as an informative and reliable alternative to the original PSI-SF when administration time is limited.

Work-Family Conflict and Primary and Secondary School Principals' Work Engagement: A Moderated Mediation Model.

With the development of positive psychology, work engagement has received widespread attention from researchers in the fields of positive organizational behavior and occupational health. Some studies have shown that work-family conflict has an important influence on individual behaviors and attitudes, but little research has studied the influence of work-family conflict on work engagement. The present study examined whether the relationship between work-family conflict and work engagement was mediated by job satisfaction, and whether the mediating role was moderated by affective commitment. We surveyed 358 Chinese primary and secondary school principals using the Work-Family Conflict Scale, Job Satisfaction Scale, Affective Commitment Scale, and Work Engagement Scale. The results revealed that there is a significant negative correlation between work-family conflict and primary and secondary school principals' work engagement, and this relationship was partially mediated by job satisfaction. Moreover, affective commitment played a moderating role in the relationship between job satisfaction and work engagement. Specifically, the relationship between job satisfaction and work engagement was significant for primary and secondary school principals with high and low affective commitment. The current study contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between work-family conflict and work engagement.

Factor structure and construct validity of the Emotions as a Child Scale (EAC) in Chinese children.

The Emotions as a Child Scale (EAC) is an efficient tool to assess parental emotion socialization in Western contexts. However, the cross-cultural utility of the EAC has not been well documented. To address this gap, the present study aimed to investigate its factor structure and measurement invariance across child sex in Chinese children (n = 477, 47.4% girls, 9- to 12-years-old). Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses suggested that a revised 2-factor model (including 12 items in each of the three emotion subscales), consisting of supportive and nonsupportive strategies, was a good alternative to prior models. This new 2-factor model demonstrated strict measurement invariance across child sex and satisfactory internal consistency. The criterion validity of the revised EAC was supported by expected relationships with the measures of child-parent relationship and parenting behavior. Findings suggest that the revised EAC holds promise as a youth-reported instrument for assessing perceived parental emotion socialization in Chinese children, although more studies are needed to replicate our findings in other Chinese samples. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Longitudinal measurement invariance of the Child Problematic Trait Inventory in older Chinese children.

The Child Problematic Traits Inventory (CPTI) is a newly developed informant-rated instrument to measure psychopathic traits during early childhood. The aim of this study was to examine the longitudinal measurement invariance of the CPTI in a group of Chinese schoolchildren. Mothers of 585 children aged 8 to 12 years (50% girls) completed the CPTI twice with one-year interval. Confirmatory factor analyses showed that the CPTI had strict invariance (i.e., equality of factor patterns, loadings, intercepts, and item uniqueness) across time. Furthermore, the internal consistencies for the CPTI subscales were good at both time points and the stability coefficients over time were moderate. Findings suggest that, in children aged 8 to 12 years old, changes in CPTI scores across time can be attributed to actual changes in the child's psychopathic personality.

[Image identification for microscopic structures of Mongolian herbal flowers with invariant moments].

Microscopic characteristics of several Mongolian Herbal flowers were extracted by improved Pseudo-Jacobi (p = 4, q = 2)-Fourier Moments (PJFM's), and 368 different versions of 28 microscopic characteristics of these herbs were identified by using the minimum-mean-distance rule. The experimental results showed that the average identification rate reaches as high as 98.1%. Therefore, this study can provide new techniques for digitalization and visualization of microscopic characteristics of Mongolian Herbs.